Association Between Excess Iron and Type 2 Diabetes

Association Between Excess Iron and Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes is a lifelong and costly metabolic disease that could lead to several life threatening complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease (CVS). Therefore, a better understanding of its pathophysiology and identifying the possible mechanisms underlying this disease could be helpful in preventing its occurrence and complications. Obesity is found to be the major risk factor that derives type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently several studies has demonstrated that there are other risk factors that participate in developing T2D such as iron accumulation in the liver. Studies showed that high levels of iron are associated with oxidative stress. Iron is considered a strong pro-oxidant through the production of hydroxyl radicals, powerful oxidant species. In addition, iron overload is found to be associated with lipid accumulation in the liver cells (steatosis) which leads to insulin resistance. Fatty liver, oxidative stress, obesity and other factors are considered tr iggering factors that increase the risk of developing T2D. Therefore, iron might be involved in diabetes pathophysiology. It is also anticipated to be a risk factor for developing insulin resistance and other diabetic complications. It is also important to investigate whether high iron levels could increase the risk of diabetes or having diabetes will elevate iron levels. Background Introduction Diet and lifestyle play a major role in prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D)[2]. Macronutrients, such as carbohydrates and fat should be restricted to decrease the chance of developing T2D. However, the impact of micronutrients on the reduction of the incident of T2D is not well established [2, 3]. Several studies suggested that some micronutrients, such as calcium, magnesium, chromium and iron could cause insulin resistance and diabetes [2]. Iron is considered as an essential nutrient for humans as it is the major component of oxygen transporters in the body, and it is has a metabolic function as a cofactor for several enzymes. However, excess amount of iron is found to be harmful to the body by altering glucose metabolism and the production of reactive oxygen species that play a role in the generation of additional reactive oxidants, such as hydroxyl radicals in which iron salt plays a catalytic role in a reaction. This reaction is known as a metal catalysed Haber-Weiss reaction [4, 5]. Pancreatic islets are found to be more susceptible to oxidative stress as their defence against oxidants is weak. Mouse model with high levels of iron and oxidative stress mediates apoptosis of pancreatic islets with a subsequent decrease in insulin secretory capacity [5, 6]. Previous studies on animals showed an increase in diabetes incidence after parenteral administration of iron. Evidence on the role of iron in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus was first discovered in patients with classic hereditary hemochromatosis (HH). This hereditary disorder is characterised by a progressive accumulation of iron in the heart, liver, pancreas, and other parts of the body. The frequency of diabetes was found to be increased in those patients [5]. Other studies suggested that phlebotomy or iron chelation therapy will decrease iron level and thus improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients [7]. Other studies on thalassemic patients showed an increase in insulin resistance[5]. Although the exact mechanism on the participation of iron in the onset of diabetes is not exactly known, however, iron overload found to be associated with hepatic dysfunction, insulin deficiency and insulin resistance.[5] Previous evidence confirms the association between iron overload and insulin resistance. However, further investigation is warranted to prove the relationship between the accumulation of iron and the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recently, correlation between hepatic iron overload with chronic liver disease such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been considered. Like glucose, iron level is regulated by a mechanism similar to that for glucose. It is regulated by a hepatic peptide hormone called herpcidin. High levels of iron stimulate the synthesis of herpcidin, which in turn decreases the iron exporter ferroportin in macrophages and intestinal cells and thus reduce serum iron. High consumption of food that contains iron and glucose will also increase the risk of hyperglycaemia and iron overload. Males are at higher risk to develop iron overloading than females, because females lose iron from blood during menstrual cycle.[8] Kowdley et al, investigated the role of serum ferretin levels and the accumulation of iron in NAFLD [9]. An increase in ferretin levels is associated with greater accumulation of iron in hepatic cells, but even in patients without iron overload, ferretin was associated with advance stages of NAFLD. This concludes that iron overload is unrelated to advanced stages of NAFLD characterised by systemic inflammation. This study gives a contradictory role of iron overload in patients with NAFLD.[8] Insulin-resistance is found to be related to hepatic iron-overload syndrome. Typically, in NAFLD, the iron accumulation is mild and involves hepatocytes and sinusoidal Kupffer cells. Nevertheless, iron reduction treatment was found to be beneficial in the treatment of NAFLD disease activity as well as increase in insulin sensitivity.[10] Iron overload has also been found to be associated with diabetic complications, such as diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease [5]. Animal studies showed an increase in the amount of iron in the kidneys. An increase in urinary iron was also found in patients with diabetic nephropathy [5]. In patients with CVD, high iron levels are associated with several complications such as myocardial infarction (MI) [5]. Diabetes is found to be associated with more than one risk factor including iron overload, fatty liver and obesity. More research is warranted to investigate the correlation between elevated iron levels and the incidence of T2D. Obesity is another detrimental factor that is found to be prevalent in diabetic patients. It is considered a major cause of inflammation, which may be responsible for developing insulin resistance leading to diabetes. High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) have been reported in obese patients [11].Therefore, our study will also investigate the relationship between obesity, T2D and iron levels. Aims and objectives Because iron overload is found to affect major tissues involved in glucose and lipid metabolism (pancreatic B cells, liver, and adipose tissue)[12]. Iron overload is found to be related to several metabolic chronic disease, such as T2D, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver and other complications [12]. Our aim of the study is to investigate the association between excess iron in the body and T2D. This study also aims to elucidate how iron levels and T2D are related to obesity. Plan of investigation A cross-sectional observational study will be carried out. It will include a group of 180 participants. The study population will be categorized into four groups consisting of Group 1: Healthy individuals (controls); Group 2: Obese healthy individuals; Group 3: Normal weight diabetic patients; Group 4: Obese diabetic patients [13]. The inclusion criteria are patients aged between 40 and 70 years with a male to female ratio of 140:40; only postmenopausal women will be included to reduce possible confounding by iron deficiency. The exclusion criteria are any history of uncontrolled hypertension, cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological complications. Participants having recent infectious, inflammatory or neoplastic conditions; or with laboratory evidence of inflammation (C-reactive protein >0.5 mg/dl or white blood cell count >11,000/uL, platelet count >400,000/uL), and individuals who is anaemic will be excluded [13]. Heavy smokers and alcoholics will also be refused enrolment. Methods and materials General measurements: On the first day, every participant will be allocated to the appropriate group after conducting diferent measurements. Body mass index (BMI) will be measured for each patient by dividing their weight (in kilograms) by height (in meters) squared. Any participant with a BMI> 30 is considered to be obese. Then, the blood pressure will be taken by a standard sphygmomanometer for each patient while they are on a supine position. Patients will be asked to avoid drinking alcohol and caffeine 12 hours before the measurements.[14] Then each participant will be asked to fill in a 50-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess their iron consumption.[2] Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) will be used to measure blood glucose levels for participants then results will be recorded. Before OGTT they will be asked not to eat, or drink for up to 8-12 hours. Participants will have to ingest 75 g glucose in 250-300 ml water over five minutes. Then the blood samples will be taken after 2 hrs of glucose ingestion. (Normal value less than 140 mg/dL) [15]. Iron overload will be measured by ferritin blood test; overnight blood samples will be obtained. Ferritin can be measured in serum using serum separator tubes (SST), or plasma using lithium heparin or EDTA tubes. Centrifugation and separation within 24 h of sample collection is required and ferritin is stable for 7 days at 2-8Â °C. The samples must be centrifuged to remove precipitates and fibrin [16]. Statistical methods: Statistical analyses will be performed utilising Minitab software. Descriptive statistics will be performed for each group. The mode of distribution for continuous variables will be detected according to Anderson darling test. Serum ferritin values for each group will be compared with the control group and the significant difference will be determined by Student t-test or Mann Whitney test according to the mode of distribution. A p-value lower than 0.05 will be considered significant. By comparing ferritin levels of the control group with the obese nondiabetic group, we will determine if there is a significant relationship between obesity and iron levels. On the other hand the relationship between iron levels and diabetes will be determined by comparing the group of diabetic healthy weight with the control group. We could also determine the role of obesity in T2D. The association between the serum ferritin levels, BMI and blood glucose levels will be determined by Spearman’s r ank correlation test. Higher correlation is demonstrated with Rho values close to 1. The 50-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) filled in by each group of participants will be analysed trough Minitab software. This will help to evaluate the association between dietary intake of iron and the risk of T2D. Fund should be allocated to purchase tools and materials to successfully conduct this project. Tools of measuring glucose level are essential during different phases of this project. These tools will estimate blood glucose levels and provide data that will enrich analysis. Serum separator is essential to estimate iron levels necessary to conduct analysis and find correlation with blood glucose level. Estimation of iron and blood glucose and their correlation is advantageous for participants. The results of this project will reflect on their diet specifications by either increasing or decreasing iron content. This project will provide insights to how much iron should be minimally consumed to reduce the incidence of diabetes. Also, many recommendations for obesity will be flagged up in this project to reduce the incidence of diabetes and raise awareness toward diabetes and its complications. This study also requires the participation of a part-time technical assistant in distributing the questionnaire, collection of data and feedback. An experienced researcher is required to guide me in the experimental part of the study as he has a broad expertise and knowledge in practical issues. Given the large sample size taken in this project, support needs to be offered by researchers and technical assistants to collect blood samples and conduct the required tests to meet the pre-determined objectives in a timely fashion The use of participants in the study helps to make a difference in care for future diabetic patients by providing information about the risk factors that will derive the disease, with the possible interventions. It will also benefit the participant themselves by gaining knowledge about the different dimensions of diabetes and through helping them to improve their quality of life by changing their lifestyle and diet modification. Of note, this study will not cause any harm for participant.

Essay About Literature Essay

Literature is timeless, it endured all the changes of the past and is still is being appreciated till the present time and will still be as time goes by.  Literature exists in every country, in every language, and in every period but each has its own uniqueness that stands out for their styles. It exceeds time; literary works of famous people regardless of what period in time they came from is still being appreciated, if not more than when the period it is from. Literary works from the early periods had undergone different adaptations by the later periods to preserve the author’s great work, the ideas, and the creativity they instil in every words to make it live through time. There is a purpose for reading literary works – to entertain and educate its readers or audience. Reading, for example, a novel is just like watching a movie in a very slow pace; reading can make you cry, laugh, smile, get angry and whatnot just like watching a movie; reading lets us imagine the characters, the settings, and what happens in the story. As it entertains us, it also educates us and teaches us about life experiences that we might encounter, and the morals that we should possess. Other literary works inform us about happenings in daily life which also falls in educating the readers. There are different types of literary works, it doesn’t just end with reading materials, and it can also be in a form of a song and a play. It can be performed in front of people or just enjoyed by oneself; it has different genres to offer to different interests of people. Literature is everywhere and in any time and it knows no bounds.

Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris Are the Toolbox Killers

In late October 1979, California authorities were busy hunting down and capturing The Hillside Strangler, Angelo Buono. In the meantime, two more barbaric killers had teamed up to fulfill a prison time fantasy - to kidnap, rape, torture and kill a girl for each teenage year. For two months, the duo hunted roads and beaches, looking for victims who  matched their demented fantasy. They almost met their goal, killing five young girls, ages ranging between 13 to 18. This is their story. Bittaker and Norris Meet In 1978, Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker, age 38, and Roy L. Norris, age 30, met while in the California State Prison at San Luis Obispo. Norris was labeled as a mentally disordered sex offender and previously spent four years at a state mental institution. Once released, he raped again and returned to prison. Bittaker spent most of his adult life behind bars for various offenses. As their friendship grew, so did their fantasies of raping and murdering teenage girls. The Murder Mack After their release from prison, they paired up, transformed Bittakers 1977 GMC van into what they nicknamed, Murder Mack, and began their kidnap, torture and killing spree of young girls. As is characteristic of psychopaths, the pain inflicted on their victims grew more vicious with each new captive. Cindy Schaeffer On June 24, 1979, in Redondo Beach, Cindy Schaeffer, age 16, was walking to her grandmother’s house after attending a church program. Bittaker and Norris pulled up next to her in the Murder Mack and tried to entice her to go for a ride. Her attempts to ignore the two failed. She was forced into the van and taken to a pre-selected spot in the mountains. There she was tortured and denied her requests to pray before the two beat and strangled her to death with wire coat hangers. Andrea Hall On July 8, 1979, the duo went hunting for their second victim and found 18-year-old Andrea Hall hitchhiking on the Pacific Coast Highway. With Bittaker hiding in the back, Norris stopped and offered Hall a ride. Within minutes after she entered the van, Bittaker attacked, raped and took pictures of her bound and in fear. As if playing a game, Bittaker then asked why she should be allowed to live. Not liking her answer, he stabbed her in the ear with an ice pick and choked her to death. Jackie Gilliam and Jacqueline Lamp On Sept.  3, 1979, the murderous pair picked up their youngest victims from a bus stop at Hermosa Beach. Jackie Gilliam, 15, and Jacqueline Lamp, 13, were kidnapped and taken to the mountain location where they were raped and tortured for two days. As with Hall, both girls were stabbed in each ear with an ice pick, their small bodies viciously attacked with vice grips, then strangled to death with coat hangers tightened with pliers. Lynette Ledford The killers last known victim was killed on Oct. 31, 1979. Sixteen-year-old Lynette Ledford was kidnapped and her body mutilated. The young girl was stabbed numerous times, and with pliers, Bittaker ripped at her body. During her torture, her screams and pleas were tape-recorded as Bittaker repeatedly beat the young girls elbows with a sledgehammer, all the time demanding that she not stop screaming. In the end, the pair strangled her with a coat hanger. For fun the pair decided to leave Ledfords brutalized corpse on the lawn of a suburban home in Hermosa Beach, just to see the reaction of the media. The Hillside Strangler, Angelo Buono, had been caught just a few days before the discovery of Lynette Ledfords body, although authorities were not swayed into identifying her killer as Buono. Captured Norris was the murderous pairs downfall. He bragged to an old prison friend about his crime spree. The friend tipped off police, and the story sounded much like that of the victim, Shirley Sanders. On September 30, Shirley Sanders managed to escape from two men who used chemical mace on her, then raped her inside a van. Police interviewed her again, this time armed with pictures, and Sanders was able to identify the van and Norris and Bittaker as her attackers. Norris Points the Finger at Bittaker The two were arrested for unrelated crimes and held without bail for violating their probations. During an interrogation, Norris began admitting details about the pairs murderous activities, and he pointed the finger at Bittaker for being the one who killed their victims. 500 Photos - 19 Missing Girls Norris worked out a deal with authorities in exchange for his testimony against Bittaker, as well as showing police where they hid the bodies of their victims. Overall, police found over 500 photos of teenaged girls, 19 of which were listed as missing. But Norris clammed up and would only tell investigators what happened to five of the 19 missing girls. The Sentencing During Bittakers and Norris trial, the disturbing pictures of their crimes and the tape-recording of Lynette Ledfords final painful hours were shared with the jury. The impact was substantial. Bittaker was sentenced to death, and the judge included an extra 199-year life sentence just in case his death sentence was ever commuted to life. Norris was given 45 years to life for his cooperation in the investigation. In 2009, Norris was denied parole for an additional 10 years. Sources Couples Who Kill by Carol Anne Davis

Marketing Plan for a Furniture Shop - 1626 Words

BOITHOK, an exclusive furniture and show piece outlet is ready to introduce living room furnishers and show pieces that will bring an antique and traditional look and create an artistic environment. BOITHOK occupies a specific niche within the furniture market. Its furniture’s offerings focus on traditional and old Bangladeshi look furniture products and show pieces that are exclusive in craftsmanship materials. Its market segments include the people who are highly elegant, have good interior sense and want to decorate their living room in a different way. BOTHOK does not provide comparable products for mass market .The Company wishes to target those customers who seek quality products with exclusive design and traditional look. BOITHOK†¦show more content†¦Opportunities: âž ¢ Competition is low as it involves with totally new type of product and defined customers group âž ¢ Opportunity for capturing market share through product differentiation âž ¢ New channe ls of distribution âž ¢ Specific Niche; people are ready to pay premium price as our company maintain â€Å"aura of exclusivity†. Threats: âž ¢ Growth will invite competition âž ¢ As a new start up business it lacks knowledge and experience than other companies âž ¢ It will take huge time to create brand awareness and image. 3. Objectives: BOITHOK’s financial objectives are to: ââ€" ª Earn an annual rate of return investment of 20% after taxes over five years. ââ€" ª Produce net profit of 552000 BDT next year ââ€" ª Achieve first year total sales revenue 5152000 BDT BOITHOK’s marketing objectives are to: ââ€" ª Strategically BOITHOK assumes that they need to go into specialty channels to address their target customer s needs. BOITHOK position as the highest quality, offering status and prestige levels of purchase. ââ€" ª Achieve a first-year projected market share 5 percent ââ€" ª Increased second year share to 10 percent ââ€" ª Generate 30 percent Brand awareness within the target market. 4. Marketing Strategy: BOITHOK wants to be successful in defining its value to the potential customer andShow MoreRelatedIkeas Supply Chain Management1706 Words   |  7 PagesSupply Chain Management in Ikea Ikea is a renowned global furniture retail shop that was established by Kampard Ingvar in 1943(Bartlett, 2006). The business began as a grocery and stationery of mail order and later turned into furniture as its main business. Currently, it has over 292 branches in 34 countries globally. Ikea has been operating on the motto â€Å"better life for everyone†. Ikea focuses basically on good quality of household furniture and low prices of goods. Ikea strives to build a good socialRead MoreIKEA: Business Analysis1255 Words   |  6 Pagesusually order a big amount of furniture from IKEA, so they can get a better price than the normal customers do. The bargaining power of the buyers is still very low because their revenues mainly come from the resident. Next, we will talk about the force of substitution. There are two substitution, they are tailor made furniture and furniture rental service. Both of them are not sharing a huge market. Tailor made furniture is expensive for general public. The furniture rental service is not popularRead MoreBiz Cafe Reflections Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesConnection run as a successful coffee shop. In this paper, I will also discuss my thoughts on teamwork and the significant factors of running a small business. My Biz Cafà © Simulation Learning Experience Taking part in the Biz Cafà © simulation has been one of the most motivating, enjoyable and enriching learning tools that I have ever been given the opportunity to utilize. It actually gives you the surreal feeling that you are really running your own coffee shop business. I appreciate the creativenessRead MoreThe Kokopelli Stop Is A Family Owned And Operated Business Venture1676 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican jewelry, authentic Native American crafts, and share the gifts and talents of unknown artists in Texas. Our unmatched customer service, a constantly changing high quality inventory of unique items ranging from candles and jewelry to antique furniture and art, while maintaining an ethical approach to all aspects of our business will solidify a mutually beneficial relationship with our community and fellow businesses on Main Street. We strive to give back to our community through support of localRead MoreMarketing Plan for The Little Package to be Delivered826 Words   |   3 PagesEstablishing a marketing plan involves several steps and requires questions that should be asked and answered while marketing the manufactured goods. It is time to develop and create a marketing plan for The Little Package to be Delivered, a for-profit company, and use this marketing plan to introduce the company’s branding and logo. Beginning with the marketing plan, expand on the intentions which are included in the vision and mission statements set up by management. Around the statements developRead MoreCompany Overview : Comfort Furniture Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPANY OVERVIEW Comfort Furniture is a business which will be established in 2014. The business is built on the foundation of several months of extensive marketing research in furniture industry in our state. The research has established a gap in the supply of quality and affordable furniture especially for young people where the existing products do not meet their preferences and tastes. Comfort Furniture has two directors who are in their twenties making them the best people to operate this kindRead MoreIke Strategic And Marketing Planning Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesOnline An article, written by Saabira Chaudhuri, presents Ikea’s most recent plans to expand their market. The information, released in this article, illustrates both strategic and marketing planning, evident in Ikea’s latest venture. As Michael Levens explains, in our text, â€Å"strategic planning identifies the overall direction of a business†, while â€Å"marketing planning includes those activities devoted to accomplishing marketing objectives†, further explaining that it â€Å"connects businesses to the consumersRead MoreSmart Design4671 Words   |  19 PagesProduct-Branding Strategy Marketing Plan 11 Products Distribution (Place) Price Promotion Strategy Sales Process and Sales Tactics Operations Plan 12 Design and Development Plan 13 Management and Personnel 14 Schedule 15 Risks and Overcome 17 Financial Plan 18 Appendix 19 Executive Summary This document will be discussing the different aspects of the business plan for a new startup company which is about creating a unique furniture manufacturing shop in Egypt. This company wouldRead MoreMarketing Objectives Of A Company s Website1562 Words   |  7 Pagesfeedback. So to conclude with the main purpose is attract people to the website and generate leads. âž ¢ Demonstrate congruency with overall marketing objectives, online marketing objectives and overall direction Answer – The website is designed keeping the online marketing objectives in mind. If a company has an online presence this would help them to reach my marketing objectives faster as it is a free way of advertising. Through website a company can building up customer loyalty, reinforcing the brandRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing Mix1628 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing mix is one of the most frequently marketing tool that company use to launch and promote its products. 4Ps associated with the marketing mix which are product, price, place and promotion. IKEA used the marketing mix to describe the essential elements of a marketing strategy. It is important to IKEA because it can help to determine the suitability of the product or service for a particular consumer base. Product Product is the first variable in marketing mix because product decisions are

The Performance Of Classical Music - 1749 Words

Classical music has been played in many different venues, with many different instruments, in many different time periods so it is very interesting to compare all of the performances. The performance I went was definitely very different from how the music would’ve been played when the composers first wrote them. The 200-year difference allows me to explore all of the unique aspects that both the first performance and my current performance added to the experience that classical music concerts. Although concerts of the 1800s and 2000s differ because of venue, musician popularity, and finances, they have similarities in style, audience reaction and musician interpretation. The concert I went to was part of a non-profit organization called†¦show more content†¦When looking through many different volumes of the publication The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular I was able to read about the most recent concerts that happened within the month that the journal came out.5 Composers who were around during that time had some of their first performances of pieces published as well as people like Mozart and Beethoven were having their pieces played by famous musicians of the time.15 Classical music was the most popular played back then so they did not need a non-profit organization to start a concert series to expose people to the music instead they needed a journal to inform the public when the shows and write reviews for all the new music being played. In the nineteenth century, composers and musicians were treated like the pop stars of the twenty-first century are treated today. They only play at large venues with many people watching and they get the VIP treatment before after and during their performance.4 Sadly, however, the venue I went to and the way the musicians were treated was much more casual it can almost be compared to the open mic night of today. The venue was a small church and there were only two musicians, a cellist and a pianist. People were able to sit right next to the cellist since his seat was in the middle of the isle. After the show, they were able to interact with the guests who came to the

Computer Based Interactive Learning System Free Essays

Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction A computer based interactive learning mathematics system program created as a learning tool; lecture tutorials help people new skills by using a step by step process. Interactive tutorial deals effectively with students who exhibit challenging behaviors; it is also an important approach to such problems from a research validated theoretical perspective. Interactive lecture tutorial provides basic introduction to the behavioral model. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Based Interactive Learning System or any similar topic only for you Order Now By understanding and applying the behavioral model, it could increase the livelihood of intervening with problem behaviors andit is appropriate for a wide variety of personnel who work with students and exhibit challenging behaviors such as regular education teachers, special education teachers, school psychologist, school administration, counselor and pre-service teachers. On the other hand, the proponents wanted to provide reliable learning application that would help the existing manual process of learning to its learners. This is through the development of computer-based instruction system in mathematics of PLT preparatory school. Objectives of the research project To design, developed, and tryout an M-TB-ML computer-based interactive learning mathematics competencies among kinder pupils in PLT College Incorporated. The interactive material will be in tagalog. Specifically the research project aims: 1. To identify the existing infractural materia (in pront form) used in learning mathematics for kinder pupils. 2. 3. To try this among a small group of pupils to determine its effort on their learning and enjoyment. Theoretical and Analytical Framework The paradigm shows the implementation of computer-based instruction system. This learning process design is a break-through in the field of education. With this, it provides accessibility, reliability and credibility to learners through efficient method, strategy and technique of instruction procedures. * Method * Strategy * Technique * Accessibility * Reliability * Credibility Computer – Based Instruction System in Mathematics of PLT Preparatory School Significance of the Study This study is significant to PLT Preparatory School. Specifically, it is very beneficial to the following entities: Pupils – could have easier understanding that would relate well in the learning process. Teachers – could lessen the burden in the manual lessons preparation such as visual aids and test questions. Researchers – could provide reliable tool that enhances its learning process. Future researchers – could be an essential guideline and basis for future studies in line with tutorial design. Scope and Delimitation The proposed computer-based interactive learning mathematics limit itself for the preparatory school. When it comes to learning process, the integration of multimedia (e. g. sounds, videos) and animation (e. g. objects) is very much included for reliable delivery of lessons. In the assessment process, examination is integrated with a friendly user approach through multiple of choices to learners. Progress chart for every learner is provided for monitoring purposes by teachers. Definition of Terms Computer-based – According to wiseGEEK (2013) stated as a term that can be used to describe virtually any kind of learning program using computers as a central staple. This approach to learning takes advantage of the interactive elements of  computer software, along with the computer’s ability to present many different kinds of media. Lesson Delivery – It is a systematic method/procedure of instruction to learners with the objective of imparting reliable knowledge. Lesson Accessibility – A method of instruction delivery that is easy for learners to adopt. On the other hand, it is a method that is internet-base delivery of instruction to learners. Lesson Reliability – It refers to the content of instruction that contains consistent knowledge to learners. Method – It is a set of procedures that teachers utilize in the learning process to learners. Preparatory School – This is a level category in education that focuses on kids learning environment. Strategy – A  method  or  plan  chosen to  bring  about a desired  future, such as achievement of a  goal  or  solution  to a  problem (Business Dictionary. com, 2013). System – A  set  of  detailed  methods,  procedures  and  routines  created to  carry  out a specific  activity,  perform  a  duty, or solve a  problem (Business Dictionary, 2013). Technique –   a procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task (Wikipedia, 2013). Teaching Process – are those things undertaken by the teacher in order to promote and support learning by the students (Webb, 2013). Teaching Tool – It is a device or instruments that can help in the teaching process to students. How to cite Computer Based Interactive Learning System, Essay examples

GE Healthcare Innovating For Emerging Markets- Assignment HelpÂÂ

Question: Describe about the GE Healthcare for Innovating for Emerging Markets? Answer: Emerging Trends in the External Environment There are mainly two trends such as expected growth of healthcare market in India and increase in customers with limited purchasing power. These were the emerging trends induced General Electronics (GE) to change its strategy and to address needs of the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) markets. Healthcare market was expected to double in the following years and this made GE for a development of a new strategy. In India, most of the healthcare device makers were developed low-value products to capture need of the mass market. In this market, there was a lack of international players (Birkin, 2012). Only a few players were developed sophisticated healthcare devices, but they mainly serve to high-class people. This encouraged GE to tap the mass market of Indian healthcare market with a new strategy. In addition to this, the existence of highly price sensitive customers was also encouraged GE to change its focus in the Indian market. Due to increase in a number of such customers, GE changed its focus and targeted mass market. BOP market was expected to increase that made it reduce cost and improve quality for accessing market (Stonehouse and Houston, 2013). By offering low-cost healthcare equipment, GE encouraged to maintain different supply and demand within the market. Internal Barriers for GE in Development of BOP Market Internal barriers of this organization create issues in the development of BOP market in India. The main internal barrier was a conflict between people involved in developing products for broad and BOP markets. In GE, people worked to produce conventional and innovative products. This creates conflicts between working methods of teams of the organization. BOP team worked with implementing new ways (Hisrich and Kearney, 2013). They preferred less to follow rules and regulations for innovating products for BOP market. On the other hand, management of this company emphasized on organizational rules and regulations. It created the negative perception among BOP teams for the management (Grant et al., 2012). They perceived them slow-moving and conservative that affected their motivation and productivity at work. This reduced the ability of GE to achieve performance standards from the strategic change. Apart from this, people of corporate RD perceived differently to the people those work on value-added and low-cost products. It also created communication problem within the organization that delayed innovation of required product for the BOP market of India. This communication barrier also limited integration between the global and national team (Harrison, 2013). It influenced GE Healthcares growth in BOP market segment of India. External Barriers and Proposed Strategies The main external barrier for GE in the Indian market was less knowledge of customers. Due to this, it faced difficulties in innovating as per the requirement of the Indian market. Less knowledge about needs and preferences of Indian customers, GE was producing and distributing products unmatched products for the mass market. On the other hand, the trend of focusing over the demand of high-end customers was also an external barrier that affected the ability of GE to achieve market goals in the Indian market. Due to this, it faced issues in diverting RD initiatives towards the need of customers in this market (Peng, 2013). The highly centralized organization experienced challenges to satisfy the need of Indian market effectively. These barriers can be solved by understanding needs and preference of customers with the help of market research. It could be effective to develop in-depth understanding about the Indian market and to guide RD initiatives of this firm more effectively. Apart from this, the inclusion of local medical practitioners and doctors in research activities, GE could able to invent products as per the need of customers in relatively less cost (Hisrich and Kearney, 2013). The marketing goal in Indian market of this company was to develop low-cost and high-quality healthcare equipment that could be achieved with the use of local knowledge. Steps of GE to Develop Strategy for BOP Market GE analyzed internal and external environment of the country to develop an appropriate strategy. It allowed this firm to determine opportunities, threats, strengths and weakness of BOP market. Environmental analysis is the major principle of strategic thinking and planning as it helps firms to understand customers needs, organizations current position, available offering, etc. (Grant et al., 2012). On the basis of this, GE made required changes in business model and structure. It adopted a local strategy to address needs of customers of BOP market. The decentralized business structure was developed to focus on the targeted market. Through this, it established a relationship between different units and areas of business for creating synergy (Peng, 2016). The key of strategic planning and thinking is to develop market knowledge completely that facilitates the formulation of relevant strategy. The situational analysis was used by this company to develop a specific vision, aims, and objectives for BOP market. It provides this firm an effective floor to design strategies to meet the customers demand. For example, it is analyzed that BOP market requires cheap healthcare service with acceptable performance (Nikos and Nassos, 2013). This knowledge helped this firm to initiate RD activities to service this need of market in a better way. GE Healthcares Strategy The healthcares strategy of GE for BOP market provided an effective floor to allocate resources on the basis of the need of developed and emerging markets. In order to gain success in BOP market, it used local RD that resulted in value creation and achievement. Support activities of this firm including human resource management, technology management, infrastructure, and procurement were facilitated through the use of local knowledge and calibre. It facilitated decentralization of business activities of GE in both markets (Birkin, 2012). With its strategy, the firm gains better knowledge of consumers needs and to source different components from the local market. This allowed this firm to invent a new product for new customer segment in low cost. It created additional value to the service delivery and support activities of GE (Grant et al., 2012). The strategy of GE in BOP markets improved competitive position in the global market. Through this, it developed an image of a responsible firm for satisfying needs of customers in developed and emerging markets both. It invented a low-cost Electroencephalography (EEG) in the developing market and then distributed it in the global markets (Peng, 2016). Reverse innovation helped GE to develop a strong position. References Birkin, J. (2012) Business Advantage Advanced Teacher's Book. UK: Cambridge University Press. Grant, R.M., Butler, B., Hung, H. Orr, S. (2012) Contemporary Strategic Management, Google eBook: An Australasian Perspective. USA: John Wiley Sons. Harrison, A. (2013) Business Environment in a Global Context. UK: Oxford University Press. Hisrich, R. D., and Kearney, C. (2013) Managing innovation and entrepreneurship. USA: Sage Publications. Nikos, G. and Nassos, P. (2013) Practical Avlonas, Sustainability Strategies: How to Gain a Competitive Advantage. USA: John Wiley Sons. Peng, M. (2013) Global business. USA: Cengage learning. Peng, M. (2016) Global business. USA: Cengage learning. Stonehouse, G. and Houston, B. (2013) Business Strategy. UK: Routledge.